WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.390 --> 00:00:05.350 This is one of countless examples of the Western Electric Model 500 telephone. 00:00:05.350 --> 00:00:09.670 Originally introduced in 1950, this telephone in its many colors and variants was used in 00:00:09.670 --> 00:00:15.020 pretty much every household and business in the United States well into and past the 1980s. 00:00:15.020 --> 00:00:21.240 See, until the 1984 divestiture of the Bell system, no one owned their telephones. 00:00:21.240 --> 00:00:25.180 They were the property of the telephone company and were leased to the customer. 00:00:25.180 --> 00:00:29.880 Western Electric was a wholly owned subsidiary of the American Telephone & Telegraph company, 00:00:29.880 --> 00:00:34.840 with AT&T enjoying a monopoly as THE telephone company for the entire united states throughout 00:00:34.840 --> 00:00:36.489 much of the 20th century. 00:00:36.489 --> 00:00:40.690 So, this phone in every sense belonged to the phone company. 00:00:40.690 --> 00:00:45.879 The Model 500 telephone, along with the wall-mounted Model 554, is an iconic design by the firm 00:00:45.879 --> 00:00:50.269 of Henry Dreyfuss, a prolific designer whose focus on ergonomics shaped much of the mid 00:00:50.269 --> 00:00:51.660 20th century. 00:00:51.660 --> 00:00:55.019 One of its most recognizable features is its ring. 00:00:55.020 --> 00:01:00.560 If your smartphone has an old phone option, it could very well be a recording of one of these phones. 00:01:00.560 --> 00:01:10.460 [Telephone rings] 00:01:10.460 --> 00:01:14.640 When touch-tone service was first introduced in 1963, the Model 500 00:01:14.640 --> 00:01:19.270 was altered into the Model 1500, replacing the rotary dial with an array of buttons. 00:01:19.270 --> 00:01:25.040 In 1968, the Model 1500 was further refined into the Model 2500, which added the star 00:01:25.040 --> 00:01:26.340 key and the hasht… 00:01:26.340 --> 00:01:29.320 [hacking cough] 00:01:29.320 --> 00:01:30.420 ...excuse me, 00:01:30.420 --> 00:01:31.680 pound key. 00:01:31.680 --> 00:01:36.310 You see children, before the advent of the touch-tone dialing system, telephones used 00:01:36.310 --> 00:01:37.880 a rotary dial. 00:01:37.880 --> 00:01:42.340 By repeatedly interrupting the phone’s connection with the phone line, through a process called 00:01:42.340 --> 00:01:47.170 pulse dialing, mechanically driven switching equipment would create an actual circuit between 00:01:47.170 --> 00:01:51.229 one telephone and another possibly hundreds of miles away. 00:01:51.229 --> 00:01:56.370 To use this dial, the finger is inserted to the hole corresponding to the number desired, 00:01:56.370 --> 00:01:58.979 and the dial is dragged to the finger stop. 00:01:58.979 --> 00:02:02.979 When the finger is removed from the dial, it returns to its original position, creating 00:02:02.979 --> 00:02:06.560 a corresponding number of pulses as it travels. 00:02:06.560 --> 00:02:10.430 Smaller numbers were faster to dial, which is a large part of why big US cities have 00:02:10.430 --> 00:02:17.010 area codes consisting of small numbers, with New York being 212, Chicago 312, and Los Angeles 00:02:17.010 --> 00:02:18.819 213. 00:02:18.819 --> 00:02:23.630 Poor Honolulu was late to the party, getting the terribly long-winded 808. 00:02:23.630 --> 00:02:29.660 [sound of dial] 00:02:29.660 --> 00:02:34.680 Anyway, the model 1500 and 2500 did feature an altered faceplate to accommodate the push 00:02:34.680 --> 00:02:37.870 buttons, but almost everything else stayed the same. 00:02:37.870 --> 00:02:41.690 Ignoring this model’s added modular connection between the handset and wall cord, everything 00:02:41.690 --> 00:02:44.379 from the cradle back is exactly the same. 00:02:44.379 --> 00:02:46.849 Take a look at the bottom and you’ll see it’s almost identical. 00:02:46.849 --> 00:02:50.060 And of course, the ringer stayed pretty much unchanged. 00:02:50.060 --> 00:02:58.720 [Telephone rings] 00:02:58.720 --> 00:03:02.450 These phones were designed to be in service for decades, and as such they are among the 00:03:02.450 --> 00:03:04.750 most robust objects in the home. 00:03:04.750 --> 00:03:08.020 Each and every one had to withstand at least one of these; 00:03:08.020 --> 00:03:08.720 “Oh yeah? 00:03:08.730 --> 00:03:10.580 Well have a nice day to you to!” 00:03:10.580 --> 00:03:12.390 [bells ring from the violent replacement of the handset] 00:03:12.680 --> 00:03:14.980 Sometimes they’d even have to endure one of these. 00:03:18.160 --> 00:03:22.780 That pretty much sums up why these were in service so long--they were robust, they worked, 00:03:22.780 --> 00:03:24.099 and were easy to repair. 00:03:24.099 --> 00:03:27.840 Their modular construction meant each component was easy to replace, and since there were 00:03:27.840 --> 00:03:32.159 millions of the same phone in service, every telephone technician would be intimately familiar 00:03:32.159 --> 00:03:34.750 with what could go wrong and how to fix it. 00:03:34.750 --> 00:03:38.280 The phone was so reliable, though, that they didn’t often need repair. 00:03:38.280 --> 00:03:40.180 Sitting at the back are a pair of bells. 00:03:40.180 --> 00:03:43.569 These are what make the distinctive ring, with the pitch interval between them a delightful 00:03:43.569 --> 00:03:45.280 major third. [bells struck manually] 00:03:45.280 --> 00:03:46.680 There’s a striker sitting right next to one bell, and a good 00:03:46.680 --> 00:03:48.080 distance from the other. 00:03:48.080 --> 00:03:51.930 When it receives a phone call, the roughly 20 hz, 90 volt electricity that drives the 00:03:51.930 --> 00:03:56.430 ringer will energize this solenoid and repeatedly pull the striker into this bell, and push 00:03:56.430 --> 00:03:57.939 it into the other. 00:03:57.939 --> 00:04:01.790 The farther bell can be moved with the help of a thumbwheel on the bottom, and this adjusts 00:04:01.790 --> 00:04:03.269 the volume of the ringer. 00:04:03.269 --> 00:04:06.849 Less distance between the bells restricts the movement of the striker, which makes the 00:04:06.849 --> 00:04:07.890 ring softer. 00:04:07.890 --> 00:04:11.250 Even when switching to the touch tone keypad, the interior construction of the phone was 00:04:11.250 --> 00:04:12.760 virtually the same. 00:04:12.760 --> 00:04:15.850 Take a look at the ringer, and it’s got the same bells and the same striker, though 00:04:15.850 --> 00:04:18.480 there is a slight pitch variance between each phone. 00:04:18.480 --> 00:04:24.380 [bells struck manually--the second phone is slightly lower pitched] 00:04:24.380 --> 00:04:25.620 This example ditched 00:04:25.630 --> 00:04:29.390 the all-metal construction for some cheaper plastic components, and the bracket the bells 00:04:29.390 --> 00:04:31.630 rest on was broken and needed repair. 00:04:31.630 --> 00:04:35.201 Nevertheless, you can see that much of the design in these telephones is the same, with 00:04:35.201 --> 00:04:39.390 the exception of the keypad / dial and the network electronics. 00:04:39.390 --> 00:04:43.760 Being a fixture of American life for so long means these phones made their way into countless 00:04:43.760 --> 00:04:45.600 movies and television shows. 00:04:46.500 --> 00:04:49.260 [ROB: Boy I sure hate to let Maria down like this] 00:04:50.400 --> 00:04:52.400 [BIALYSTOCK: Go to desk. 00:04:52.640 --> 00:04:53.480 Answer telephone. 00:04:54.040 --> 00:04:55.560 ‘Bialystock and Bloom? 00:04:55.800 --> 00:04:57.360 Bialystock and Bloom?’] 00:04:57.720 --> 00:04:59.840 [MAN HOLDING PHONE: Mr Chambers? 00:05:00.160 --> 00:05:01.100 Kevin Harkins] 00:05:01.100 --> 00:05:05.640 [COACH: I better give ‘em a call and find out what this is all about] 00:05:06.360 --> 00:05:07.780 [KITTY (sarcastically): I need to work on my attitude. 00:05:07.780 --> 00:05:08.500 Bye, then!] 00:05:10.820 --> 00:05:16.020 Since the phones were so ubiquitous, any television show or movie made between 1950 and 1984 and 00:05:16.030 --> 00:05:20.830 beyond in which a character answers a telephone call is gonna have one of these phones ring. 00:05:20.830 --> 00:05:23.300 [JACK: Backup crew has to set up the guest list, and 00:05:23.300 --> 00:05:24.940 (telephone rings) the hotel room. 00:05:24.940 --> 00:05:26.040 Swigert. 00:05:26.160 --> 00:05:26.680 Yeah] 00:05:27.240 --> 00:05:29.120 [Telephone rings] 00:05:32.240 --> 00:05:33.080 [MARGE: Hello?] 00:05:33.080 --> 00:05:33.840 [MIKE: Yeah, 00:05:33.840 --> 00:05:34.800 eh, is this Marge?] 00:05:35.560 --> 00:05:36.640 [PETER: You gonna answer that?] 00:05:36.640 --> 00:05:37.160 [Telephone rings] 00:05:37.360 --> 00:05:39.120 [JANINE (under her breath): I’ve quite better jobs than this. 00:05:40.360 --> 00:05:42.120 Ghostbusters, whaddya want?] 00:05:42.800 --> 00:05:43.560 [SAM: I’m fine] 00:05:43.600 --> 00:05:45.480 [Telephone rings] 00:05:47.600 --> 00:05:48.440 [COACH: Cheers.] 00:05:48.440 --> 00:05:50.200 [Telephone rings] 00:05:50.200 --> 00:05:51.360 [JOHN: Studio 6.] 00:05:51.560 --> 00:05:53.160 [TONY: We got a green light] 00:05:53.160 --> 00:05:58.360 These were in service long after 1984, in fact this model 500 is marked 1988, and was 00:05:58.360 --> 00:06:01.040 originally the property of Saskatchewan Tel. 00:06:01.040 --> 00:06:04.560 Apparently it took a while for Saskatchewan to get onboard with touch-tone dialing. 00:06:04.560 --> 00:06:09.310 It’s very possible, though, that this phone is actually much older, and was sold to Sasktel 00:06:09.310 --> 00:06:13.460 and refurbished, with the manufacturer being ITT and not Western Electric. 00:06:13.460 --> 00:06:17.600 Regardless, even into the nineties, these phones were common at home, and in the movies, too. 00:06:17.600 --> 00:06:22.243 Now before you call up and complain that “there was also the princess phone and the trimline phone!” 00:06:22.243 --> 00:06:25.020 I recognize the existence of all these variants and others. 00:06:25.020 --> 00:06:29.900 However, the Model 500 in its original desk phone configuration was by FAR the most common 00:06:29.900 --> 00:06:33.120 telephone, and thus we’re just gonna ignore the specialty phones for now. 00:06:33.120 --> 00:06:34.710 Anyway, back to the ring. 00:06:34.710 --> 00:06:37.901 If you’re producing a TV show or movie, and you need a phone to ring, there are a 00:06:37.901 --> 00:06:39.430 few ways to do it. 00:06:39.430 --> 00:06:42.880 One of which is to actually wire the phone into a ringer circuit, which can make the 00:06:42.880 --> 00:06:44.670 phone ring with the press of a button. 00:06:44.670 --> 00:06:48.470 This has the advantage of creating a very realistic sounding ring, as the acoustics 00:06:48.470 --> 00:06:51.110 of the set will affect the ring just like it does everything else. 00:06:51.110 --> 00:06:56.010 It can also make timing for the actors easier, as they can actually react to the phone’s 00:06:56.010 --> 00:06:57.010 ring. 00:06:57.010 --> 00:07:00.310 Or, you could go a step further and actually make the telephone functional by connecting 00:07:00.310 --> 00:07:01.750 it to a real phone line. 00:07:01.750 --> 00:07:03.610 Then you could actually call it. 00:07:03.610 --> 00:07:07.400 This has the added advantage of making the one-sided telephone call far more believable, 00:07:07.400 --> 00:07:11.280 as the actor could actually be talking to someone on the other end. 00:07:11.280 --> 00:07:15.810 This could be impractical for set design, though, and adds expense to the production. 00:07:15.810 --> 00:07:18.110 Your third option is to cheat. 00:07:18.110 --> 00:07:21.610 Since you could hear this phone ring in any household, office, or business, and every 00:07:21.610 --> 00:07:26.580 phone sounded pretty much the same, you could just add a stock recording in post. 00:07:26.580 --> 00:07:30.900 Doing this allowed the actors to simply answer the phone on their own time, and it also eliminated 00:07:30.900 --> 00:07:35.300 potential problems from poor microphone placement or high levels of background noise. 00:07:35.300 --> 00:07:37.300 But sometimes you can tell when this has been done. 00:07:37.300 --> 00:07:42.510 And surprisingly, there seem to be some very old recordings that were being used well into 00:07:42.510 --> 00:07:44.170 the age of digital sound. 00:07:44.170 --> 00:07:48.120 In the days of analog recording technology, two significant things to avoid were what 00:07:48.120 --> 00:07:50.130 are called wow and flutter. 00:07:50.130 --> 00:07:54.980 For example, a recording made on a tape requires that the tape move at precisely the same speed 00:07:54.980 --> 00:07:59.170 without any variation, otherwise the pitch of what’s being recorded can vary along 00:07:59.170 --> 00:08:00.550 with the tape speed. 00:08:00.550 --> 00:08:03.930 Often times this can go unnoticed, but when the recording is of a tone, it can be quite 00:08:03.930 --> 00:08:05.130 pronounced. 00:08:05.130 --> 00:08:08.310 This 2000 hz sine wave should sound like this. 00:08:08.310 --> 00:08:10.080 [Tone] 00:08:10.080 --> 00:08:13.650 But if recorded onto a tape with a tape recorder that has a worn capstan or any 00:08:13.650 --> 00:08:17.600 number of other issues, the tone might come back out sounding like this. 00:08:17.600 --> 00:08:21.080 [Same tone, but pitch falters rapidly] 00:08:21.080 --> 00:08:23.830 That’s flutter, and it can be quite annoying. 00:08:23.830 --> 00:08:27.490 Since the bells in these telephones produce a constant pitch, it’s easy to tell a recording 00:08:27.490 --> 00:08:28.890 from a real ring. 00:08:28.890 --> 00:08:32.279 If you hear any flutter in the sound of this phone, you know you must be listening to an 00:08:32.279 --> 00:08:34.190 analog tape recording. 00:08:34.200 --> 00:08:42.640 [Recording with strong flutter of the telephone’s ring] 00:08:42.640 --> 00:08:44.400 Of course, movies and TV shows used 00:08:44.400 --> 00:08:49.020 tape recorders for many years, so some flutter was to be expected in older films. 00:08:49.020 --> 00:08:53.680 But sometimes, you hear a very slow, distinctive wow, which is by the way technically just 00:08:53.680 --> 00:08:55.410 very slow flutter. 00:08:55.410 --> 00:08:58.970 Take a listen to this telephone ring from the film Trading Places. 00:08:58.970 --> 00:09:01.720 [Telephone rings] 00:09:01.720 --> 00:09:02.840 [COLEMAN: Hello? Hm. 00:09:03.040 --> 00:09:04.040 Oh. 00:09:04.040 --> 00:09:06.240 Hello Mr. Duke, sir.] 00:09:06.260 --> 00:09:09.020 Did you hear how the pitch dipped as it rang? 00:09:09.020 --> 00:09:10.020 Listen again. 00:09:10.020 --> 00:09:12.800 [Telephone rings] 00:09:12.800 --> 00:09:14.210 [COLEMAN: Hello? Hm. 00:09:14.210 --> 00:09:15.210 Oh.] 00:09:15.210 --> 00:09:17.900 The pitch rises and falls as the telephone rings. 00:09:17.900 --> 00:09:21.770 This pitch variation continues as the vibration of the bells decay. 00:09:21.770 --> 00:09:25.641 This wouldn’t happen with the recording equipment used on set, because a tape recorder 00:09:25.641 --> 00:09:29.680 would rarely if ever introduce wow as pronounced as this. 00:09:29.680 --> 00:09:33.310 Where this wow comes from is almost certainly a vinyl record. 00:09:33.310 --> 00:09:36.990 I’ve put the sound of the phone ringing in Audacity so I could place some markers 00:09:36.990 --> 00:09:38.700 on where the pitch falters. 00:09:38.700 --> 00:09:41.870 This first marker is where the pitched peaked, and the second is at its lowest. 00:09:41.880 --> 00:09:44.080 I placed a third marker at the next peak. 00:09:44.480 --> 00:09:53.080 [Recording is played three times] 00:09:53.080 --> 00:09:55.880 The time from peak to peak was 1.784 seconds. 00:09:56.720 --> 00:09:58.200 Why is that significant? 00:09:58.200 --> 00:10:04.200 Because a record with a speed of 33 and a third RPM will make one revolution every 1.8 seconds. 00:10:04.200 --> 00:10:07.640 This is the New CBS Audio-File Sound Effects Library. 00:10:07.640 --> 00:10:11.660 The only audio-file guaranteed to never start an argument. 00:10:11.660 --> 00:10:14.640 Discs like this could be used as a source of any number of sounds. 00:10:14.640 --> 00:10:19.680 Now, these particular discs don’t have a telephone ring, but they have plenty of other stuff. 00:10:24.800 --> 00:10:30.600 [Background noise from an airport] 00:10:31.840 --> 00:10:34.120 [MALE ANNOUNCER: The white zone is for immediate 00:10:34.120 --> 00:10:37.480 loading and unloading of passengers only. 00:10:37.480 --> 00:10:39.040 No parking.] 00:10:40.760 --> 00:10:46.600 [FEMALE ANNOUNCER: The white zone is for immediate loading and unloading of passengers only. 00:10:46.600 --> 00:10:48.150 No parking.] 00:10:48.150 --> 00:10:53.130 A tricky thing about vinyl records, though, is that unless the disc is exactly perfectly 00:10:53.130 --> 00:10:56.360 centered, the pitch will rise and fall with each rotation. 00:10:56.360 --> 00:11:00.230 This happens because with an off-center record, the speed of the groove as it travels past 00:11:00.230 --> 00:11:02.650 the stylus will repeatedly increase and decrease. 00:11:02.650 --> 00:11:07.220 It’s not that uncommon for the center hole of a disc to be punched just a little bit 00:11:07.220 --> 00:11:10.630 off-center, and result is the dreaded wow. 00:11:10.630 --> 00:11:15.250 Listen to this recording from the Official Album of Epcot Center. 00:11:15.250 --> 00:11:25.280 [Music begins, with a repeating dip in pitch] 00:11:25.280 --> 00:11:26.830 That’s pretty bad. 00:11:26.830 --> 00:11:30.390 You can actually see the stylus moving left and right with each rotation, which shows 00:11:30.390 --> 00:11:33.380 just how off-center this record’s hole was punched. 00:11:33.380 --> 00:11:36.320 This is probably what’s happening when you hear this phone ring. 00:11:36.320 --> 00:11:40.670 [Telephone rings] 00:11:40.670 --> 00:11:44.170 Because the recording is of a pair of bells which have a constant pitch, it’s easy to 00:11:44.170 --> 00:11:46.860 discern if the pitch has faltered at all. 00:11:46.860 --> 00:11:50.150 Many films were made that seem to use recordings from old vinyl discs. 00:11:50.150 --> 00:11:55.120 I’m guessing film studios had just archived these recordings and used them again and again. 00:11:55.120 --> 00:11:59.490 Many people might not notice it, but those with a good ear for pitch (or the pedantic) 00:11:59.490 --> 00:12:00.490 will. 00:12:00.490 --> 00:12:01.890 And I definitely have. 00:12:01.890 --> 00:12:03.020 And it bugs the crap out of me. 00:12:03.020 --> 00:12:05.020 [MR. FAWLTY: It’s..it’s..it’s a semitone higher!] 00:12:05.020 --> 00:12:06.020 [GUEST: A semitone?] 00:12:06.020 --> 00:12:06.800 [MR. FAWLTY: At least!] 00:12:06.800 --> 00:12:10.230 But what’s most interesting to me is that these recordings just kept on being used even 00:12:10.230 --> 00:12:11.500 into the nineties. 00:12:11.500 --> 00:12:14.640 Take a listen to the phone ring in this scene from Terminator 2. 00:12:14.640 --> 00:12:19.280 [Telephone rings] 00:12:19.280 --> 00:12:20.360 [MRS. CONNOR: Hello?] 00:12:20.360 --> 00:12:21.640 [JOHN CONNOR: Yeah it’s me.] 00:12:22.400 --> 00:12:23.600 [MRS. CONNOR: John?] 00:12:23.600 --> 00:12:25.760 That’s even worse than the last one! 00:12:25.760 --> 00:12:28.600 [Telephone rings] 00:12:31.080 --> 00:12:32.830 Opening it in audacity and adding markers 00:12:32.830 --> 00:12:38.110 gives a time between the peaks of about 1.85 seconds, close to the 1.8 seconds per revolution 00:12:38.110 --> 00:12:40.610 of a 33 and a third rpm record. 00:12:40.610 --> 00:12:44.160 But the really pedantic viewers out there might know that this sound effect is not only 00:12:44.160 --> 00:12:47.330 riddled with wow, it’s also the wrong ring! 00:12:47.330 --> 00:12:52.050 John Connor’s Mom, and I’m putting that in air quotes there, answered a Trimline phone. 00:12:52.050 --> 00:12:57.170 The Trimline phone only had one bell in its ringer, and it did not sound like the Model 500. 00:12:57.170 --> 00:12:59.500 It should have sounded like this clip from Argo. 00:12:59.500 --> 00:13:03.080 [a distinctly different telephone rings] 00:13:03.080 --> 00:13:05.220 How’s that for pedantry? 00:13:05.220 --> 00:13:08.350 Now because it’s the wrong ring we know it’s a recording anyway (though it hasn’t 00:13:08.350 --> 00:13:12.170 yet made its way to the Goofs page on the IMDB, who wants to add it??) but the fact 00:13:12.170 --> 00:13:16.240 that the film is from 1991 makes it hard to believe that digital sound recording equipment 00:13:16.240 --> 00:13:17.580 wasn’t being used on set. 00:13:17.580 --> 00:13:22.940 And it’s also funny to me that no one had bothered to make new recordings of these telephones ringing. 00:13:22.940 --> 00:13:27.910 There are millions of these floating around, how hard can it be to make a new, digital recording? 00:13:27.910 --> 00:13:29.320 But I digress. 00:13:29.320 --> 00:13:32.570 As a side note, you may have noticed I used a clip of the Dick Van Dyke show. 00:13:32.570 --> 00:13:38.480 On air from 1961 until 1966, this show is riddled with Model 500’s just like this. 00:13:38.480 --> 00:13:41.160 But throughout the show, they use a completely different ring. 00:13:41.160 --> 00:13:43.260 [LAURA: The butcher! I gotta take the roast out of the freezer!] 00:13:43.500 --> 00:13:44.960 [Telephone rings--unlike any we’ve heard so far] 00:13:45.380 --> 00:13:46.380 [ROB: Hi!] 00:13:46.720 --> 00:13:49.240 [The same telephone rings] [ROB: Oh! 00:13:49.240 --> 00:13:51.000 That’s loud at night!] 00:13:51.000 --> 00:13:52.840 [Telephone rings softly after adjustment] [ROB: That’s better] 00:13:53.120 --> 00:13:55.750 To be honest that sounds like it came from an alarm clock. 00:13:55.750 --> 00:14:00.100 I checked on YouTube for older model 500’s just in case the ring had changed, but there’s 00:14:00.100 --> 00:14:03.830 a red model 500 from 1957 that sounds just like these two. 00:14:03.830 --> 00:14:06.370 A link’s down below if you’re interested. 00:14:06.370 --> 00:14:10.710 Making a movie or TV show is a huge undertaking, and the sound designers deserve a lot of credit 00:14:10.710 --> 00:14:13.130 for all the post-production work they do. 00:14:13.130 --> 00:14:16.900 Much of the sound you hear in a film comes not from microphones on set, but from the 00:14:16.900 --> 00:14:20.730 people working behind the scenes to make it all sound real and believable. 00:14:20.730 --> 00:14:25.370 Terminator 2 actually won the oscar for best sound design, but man does that phone ring 00:14:25.370 --> 00:14:26.300 bother me. 00:14:26.300 --> 00:14:28.440 [Telephone rings] 00:14:30.300 --> 00:14:32.500 Thanks for watching, I hope you enjoyed the video. 00:14:32.500 --> 00:14:35.460 If this is your first time coming across the channel and you liked what you saw, please 00:14:35.460 --> 00:14:36.780 consider subscribing. 00:14:36.780 --> 00:14:38.800 You can also support the channel through Patreon. 00:14:38.800 --> 00:14:42.180 If you’re interested in making a totally voluntary contribution, please check out my 00:14:42.180 --> 00:14:43.220 patreon page. 00:14:43.220 --> 00:14:45.680 Thanks for your consideration, and I’ll see you next time. 00:14:49.260 --> 00:14:52.160 [Ring builds with suspense]